- Variation and lack of consistency of results from one study or set of data to another (among different cities).
- Inconsistencies between the NAEP and state- level data. The most striking aspect of this review is the variation and lack of consistency of results from one study or set of data to another.
- There seems to be a Black culture effect that reduces motivation for school.
- Possibility that negative effects of Black peers may operate unless they are counteracted by specific curriculum approaches, teacher certification, academic standards, or a combination of all three.
- Absenteeism, homework, and class size taken together may explain about one-fourth of the difference in Black scores between predominantly Black schools and racially mixed schools.
- Absenteeism and time spent on homework are arguably Black culture effects arising from lack of parental involvement.
- Class size is clearly a school resource effect.