- Armor describes his testimony as an expert witness in school desegregation cases and his research findings.
- Testified on his research findings that busing did not improve black achievement.
- Identifies three phases in the history of desegregation: liability phase of the 1970s, searching for feasible remedies in the 1980s, and the unitary era of the 1990s.
- Armor’s testimony in Armour v. Nix helped the court’s ruling against metropolitan-wide desegregation plan.
- Armor finds that achievement was not an issue for liability in most courts. Psychological harm of segregation was the primary issue.
- Liability was determined by de jure school segregation.
- Armor’s busing study was not considered relevant for the remedial phase. For cases in this phase, Armor testified that white flight and resegregation resulted from mandatory busing.
- Armor helped design and defend a voluntary plan that was accepted in Savannah.
- Armor gave testimony on behalf of school districts seeking unitary status. Dallas and Wilmington mark the start of his focus on academic achievement and achievement gaps in unitary status work.
- Armor found that school racial composition did not affect Black achievement and that most of Black-white achievement gap is explained by SES.