- Duration of segregation made no difference.
- Age at which desegregation began made a very important difference. Beneficial effects of desegregation take place during very earliest ages. The lower the grade of 1st desegregation the higher the achievement effect.
- Estimate of achievement gains was about 1/3 of a standard deviation.
- Methodological factors made an important difference in the study of desegregation.
- Little has been done on Hispanics.
- Metropolitan studies show the strongest effects of desegregation achievements. “Critical Mass’.
- Segregated and desegregated schools convey different messages to minorities students, messages that shape their expectations of fail to lead to purposive behavior directed at the realization of specific, culturally valued goals.
- Desegregation enhances IQ tests as much or more than it does achievement test scores.