- Results imply that the education system fails African American students in a manner that is separate from its failures toward impoverished students and those with English language deficits. Factors normally outside the purview of adequacy litigation, such as racial composition of the school, also contribute to student outcomes.
- Data suggest that attempting to eliminate the racial achievement gap by addressing wealth disparities will not succeed because race plays a large role in student outcomes over and beyond its connection with wealth-based differences.
- In their analysis the charter school variable displayed a positive relation with African American proficiency. This provides scant evidence that lend support for the increased use of charter schools to meet the needs of African American students.
- The variable racial composition was also significant which points out the inadequacy of current legal efforts to reform schools, with the conspicuous absence of race in the discussion.
- Adequacy litigation offers a means for reducing the achievement gap, but that it would be more effective if combined with nonmonetary remedies, such as integrating public schools.