- Teacher effects in Grade 3 affect positively Grade 4 achievement in mathematics, reading, and science for all students, net of the effects of Grade 4 teachers.
- In reading and science in particular the teacher effects were larger than the gender gap and similar in magnitude to the race gap which is typically nontrivial.
- All interactions between Grade 3 teacher effects or cumulative teacher effects and gender, race, or SES were very small in magnitude and insignificant. Our results suggest that, overall, all student groups benefit equally from effective teachers.
- Teacher effects are more pronounced in high-minority schools, or in high-minority schools there is an additional benefit in mathematics from having effective teachers.
- Given that results suggest that all students benefit equally from effective teachers, which demonstrates that effective teachers can make a difference, and that the teacher effects are more pronounced in high-minority schools (in mathematics), it is important to mandate policies within the NCLB framework that encourage effective teachers to teach in schools with high proportions of minority and disadvantaged students.