- Blacks who were in state public schools in which there were a higher proportion of White students have a much lower likelihood of ending up in other states’ jails and prisons as adults.
- Blacks who migrated from states where they encountered more Whites in schools experience significantly lower incarceration rates.
- The number of White students in school with the average Black has no effect on incarceration rates for White students.
- Attending schools with a higher proportion of Whites reduces the chances that Blacks will end up in prison or jail as adults more through its direct effect than its indirect effect operating through high school graduation.
- Incarceration rates increased substantially over time.
- Incarceration rates were consistently higher for men and younger persons, there is a significant decline in incarceration rates for older persons.