- Introduction of state accountability had a positive impact on student math performance during the 1990s. States that introduced consequential accountability systems early, tended to show more rapid gains in NAEP performance, holding other things constant.
- Report cards do not have a significant influence on performance.
- Large differences in sending per pupil never influences score. The impact of aggregate state spending is consistently small and statistically insignificant.
- When states introduce accountability measures, they tend simultaneously to reduce on average their exclusion rates by a small amount.
- With disaggregation of performance by race, distinct differences in gains by Black and Hispanics.
- The Black-White gap appears to have been harmed over the decade by increasing minority concentration.