- Whites have the highest vocabulary scores, followed by Latinos and then by Blacks.
- Both family income and the average income of the schools that students attend at wave 1 follow this pattern (Whites highest, followed by Latinos then Blacks).
- Average family income among Latinos is 83% of Whites’ income and that of Blacks is 66%.
- Latinos are more disadvantaged than Blacks in parental education, as well as the parental education of their friends, and attend schools with the fewest teachers with advanced degrees.
- Blacks attend schools with the greatest internal income inequality, while Whites attend schools with somewhat lower inequality.
- Whites also have somewhat lower inequality within their friend networks compared to Latinos.
- The proportion of Black young adults who score below the 5th national percentile on the vocabulary test is 7.7 times the proportion of White young adults who score that low, and the proportion of Latino young adults is 6.3 times the proportion of Whites.
- The proportion of Blacks is one-fifth that of Whites at the 95th percentile, and the proportion of Latinos is about one-half.
- Income inequality is likely to have little effect on test scores, as would equalizing incomes across racial and ethnic groups.
- Results indicate that only 6-15% of the racial-ethnic gap can be attributed to the racial-ethnic income gap.