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2012 - Low-Income Engineering Students: Considering Financial Aid and Differential Tuition

Attribution: George-Jackson, Casey E., Rincon, Blanca, & Martinez, Mariana G.
Researchers: Blanca RinconCasey E. George-JacksonMariana G. Martinez
University Affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Email: casey.george-jackson@louisville.edu
Research Question:
1) What are the rates of participation in Engineering undergraduate programs at two public, research universities by socio-economic status? 2) What is the actual cost of pursuing a degree in Engineering at two public, research universities by socio-economic status? 3) How does financial aid (e.g., Pell Grants, state aid, institutional aid) fluctuate over time for low-income and other students in Engineering and non-Engineering fields? 4) What are the graduation rates for students in Engineering and non-Engineering majors, by socio-economic status?
Published: Yes
Journal Name or Institutional Affiliation: Journal of Student Financial Aid
Journal Entry: Vol. 42, No. 2, Pp. 4-24
Year: 2012
Findings:

– The findings reveal that increased costs due to tuition differentials policies are initially offset by financial aid, but over time costs increase, particularly for low-income students.
– The net price for each category of students was lowest in their first year of study (1999-2000), and in general, students’ net price increased each academic year for the first four years of study, and then reduces considerably in the fifth year, before increasing dramatically in the sixth year.
– Low-income students experience a greater percent change in net price than other students in the first four years of study. For instance, Pell Grant recipients’ net price in 2000-2001 was over 40% higher than the previous year, where as non-Pell Grant recipients experienced an increase in net price of less than 20%.
– Engineering students, regardless of income status, had fewer loans as compared to non-Engineering students.
– Few differences are found between the six-year graduation rates of students by socio-economic status, and whether or not they initially majored in Engineering or completed a degree in Engineering.
– The results highlight the need for comprehensive, time-sensitive financial aid packages that provide students opportunities to complete their postsecondary degrees, particularly in fields with higher tuition rates.

 

Scholarship Types: Journal Article Reporting Empirical ResearchKeywords: Engineeringfinancial aidFinancial CapitalHuman CapitalSESRegions: UnknownMethodologies: QuantitativeResearch Designs: Administrative DataAnalysis Methods: Descriptive Statistics Sampling Frame:Students that applied for financial aid
Sampling Types: Non-Random - PurposiveAnalysis Units: StudentData Types: Quantitative-Longitudinal
Data Description:

The theoretical framework that informs this study is derived from human capital theory. Human capital theory relates to the means of production, by which additional investment produces extra output. Human capital is interchangeable, but not transferable like land, labor, or fixed capital. Human capital theory has been used to explore how differences in opportunities within higher education are contingent on access to financial resources, including financial aid. Specifically, human capital theory suggests that a reduction in the net price of college would improve access to higher education for some student populations.

The data comes from two large, public research universities. The data are restricted to students who filed the FAFSA for the 1999-2000 academic year (n=7,607). The data obtained from students who filed for FAFSA provided information on students’ financial aid including whether or not a student received a Pell Grant, which serves as an indicator of low-income status. Second, of the students who filed the FAFSA, 83% paid in-state tuition and had complete financial aid information (n=6,307).

The two universities featured in the study both charged differential tuition for Engineering majors, as compared to other majors, for each academic year featured in the dataset. The average 1999-2000 tuition and fees for in-state students majoring in Engineering was $6,400, as compared to $5,938 for students in other majors. The average 2004-2005 tuition and fees for in-state students majoring in Engineering was $8,818, as compared to $8,266 for their peers.

Net price was computed by adding major-specific tuition, books, room and board and other known costs, minus total grant aid, which includes Pell Grants, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG), state grants, institutional grants, and other aid.

The authors used receiving a Pell grant as a proxy for being low SES. However, Pell as a proxy for low socio-economic status excludes other low-income students who did not file for financial aid or those who may be ineligible to apply for FAFSA, such as undocumented students, but who would likely also be adversely affected by differential tuition policies.

Theoretical Framework:
Relevance:Factors Related to STEM Readiness
Archives: K-16 STEM Abstracts
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