- The research shows that desegregated elementary and secondary school generally improves academic achievement of African Americans and indicates some benefits for Hispanics. Increased suspension rates and decreased drop out rates for minorities are also associated outcomes. The studies show modest, positive long term occupational outcomes for African Americans. Desegregation also helps reduce racial isolation. There is less research on effects of desegregation for White students. The nature of desegregation is important for outcomes. The institutional approaches to desegregation are important. Four approaches are identified: business as usual, assimilation, pluralistic coexistence, and integrated pluralism. The first three can result in resegregation. Factors conducive to integrated pluralism: support of relevant authorities, cooperation toward mutual goals, and equal status for members of all groups.