- Black-White achievement gap in a city will vary with the relative segregation of schools and neighborhoods in the city.
- Concerns over the racial isolation of Black youth may be overstated.
- Neighborhoods appear to matter for student achievement.
- Race per se may not be the primary source of these effects; rather, it seems to be exposure to more economically successful neighbors.
- Holding constant neighborhood characteristics, the racial composition of schools seems to have little effect on Black relative achievement.
- Socioeconomic status of neighbors, rather than their race, may be the primary source of effects.