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Results indicated that school-level disapproval against substance use and percentage of minority students at school were negatively associated with adolescent substance use.
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School-level disapproval moderated the association between peer substance use and adolescent substance use, with the association being stronger when school-level disapproval was lower.
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School racial composition moderated the influence of parental disapproval and peer substance use on adolescent substance use.
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Specifically, both the association between parental disapproval and adolescent substance use and the association between peer substance use and adolescent substance use were weaker for adolescents who attended schools with higher percentages of minority students.
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Parental disapproval was significantly and negatively associated with adolescent substance use when percentage of minority in school was low, but was not significantly associated with adolescent substance use when percentage of minority in school was high.
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The association between peer substance use and adolescent substance use was slightly weaker for schools with higher percentages of minority students than for schools with lower percentages of minority students.
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Findings highlighted the importance of considering the role of school contexts, in conjunction with parental and peer influences, in understanding adolescent substance use.