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African Americans continue to score significantly lower on the GEE than whites, even after taking family SES differences into consideration.
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The SES composition of schools has a significant positive association with achievement. African American composition has a significant negative effect on student achievement.
- African American students and white students do worse in school with large minority populations. However, it is important to note that because most of those in minority concentration schools are African American, it is African Americans who are chiefly affected.
- There is no apparent connection between lower test scores and the mere presence of African American students. Racial composition seems to be related to relatively weak academic achievement as a result of segregation effect.
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Race, SES, school composition and school SES appear to have independent effects on student achievement. Each variable has a different and unique influence on school outcomes.
- African American concentration has a significant negative association with the measure of academic achievement.
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There is much more variation in GEE test scores within individual schools than there is from one school to the next.
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Focusing on within school variation, SES factors are much more important in distinguishing among students in the same school.